区块链分片技术研究综述

doi:10.11896/jsjkx.231200078

Abstract

Abstract: Blockchain technology is characterized by decentralization and tamper resistance,and has a wide range of application prospects.However,it is difficult for blockchain systems to support large-scale distributed data management and transactions,so the performance and scalability of blockchain have become important research directions.At present,researchers have proposed some solutions to improve the performance and scalability of blockchain by modifying the data structure and consensus algorithm on the chain,and adding off-chain operation technology.Among them,the most practical method to achieve horizontal scalability with the increase of network scale is sharding technology.As an on-chain scaling method,sharding technology is a method to divide the entire blockchain network into multiple segments to facilitate the simultaneous processing of multiple transactions or contracts.Each shard can operate independently,with its own transaction history and state,improving the performance and sca-lability of the blockchain without sacrificing centralization.Previous studies on blockchain sharding technology have focused on introducing transaction consensus in sharding,while ignoring the sharding strategy mechanism and sharding architecture.Therefore,this paper first systematically analyzes the existing sharding blockchains,divides the design process of sharding blockchains into several parts:architecture setting,node selection,node allocation,transaction distribution,transaction processing,and sharding reconstruction,and analyzes the functions and properties of each part of the design process of sharding blockchains.Secondly,the sharding architecture is classified and summarized.This paper focuses on various sharding strategies and mechanisms,analyzes their advantages and disadvantages,compares mainstream sharding blockchain systems,and analyzes their scalability and reliability,including system throughput,delay,communication overhead,node randomness,sharding security,and cross-shard smart contracts.Finally,future research directions are proposed.

Key words: Blockchain, Distributed ledger technology, Scalability, Sharding technology, Parallel processing

CLC Number:

TP301

TAN Pengliu, XU Teng, TU Ruoxin. Review of Research on Blockchain Sharding Techniques[J].Computer Science, 2024, 51(11): 307-320.

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