区块链分片技术研究综述

doi:10.11896/jsjkx.231200078

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 区块链技术以去中心化、防篡改等功能为特色,具有广泛的应用前景。然而,区块链系统难以支撑大规模海量的分布式数据管理和交易,所以区块链的性能和可扩展性问题成为重要的研究方向。目前,研究人员分别从修改链上的数据结构和共识算法,到添加链下操作技术,提出了一些解决方案,以提高区块链的性能和可扩展性。而其中,随着网络规模的增加,实现水平扩展性的最实用的方法就是分片技术。作为一种链上扩容方式,分片技术是一种将整个区块链网络划分成多个片段的方法,便于同时处理多个交易或合约。每个分片都可以独立运行,拥有自己的交易历史和状态,在不牺牲中心化程度的同时提高了区块链的性能和可扩展性。以往的大量区块链分片技术研究着重介绍了分片中的交易共识,而忽略了分片策略机制与分片架构。为此,首先对现有的分片区块链进行系统分析,将分片区块链的设计过程分为架构设置、节点选择、节点分配、交易分发、交易处理和分片重构等部分,并分析了分片区块链的设计过程的各部分的功能、属性;其次,对分片架构进行了分类和总结,重点研究了各种分片策略与机制,分析了它们的优缺点;之后,对主流的分片区块链系统做了比较,并分析了它们的可扩展性和可靠性,包括系统吞吐量、时延、通信开销、节点随机性、分片安全性和跨片智能合约等;最后,提出未来可能的研究方向。

关键词: 区块链, 分布式账本技术, 可扩展性, 分片技术, 并行处理

Abstract: Blockchain technology is characterized by decentralization and tamper resistance,and has a wide range of application prospects.However,it is difficult for blockchain systems to support large-scale distributed data management and transactions,so the performance and scalability of blockchain have become important research directions.At present,researchers have proposed some solutions to improve the performance and scalability of blockchain by modifying the data structure and consensus algorithm on the chain,and adding off-chain operation technology.Among them,the most practical method to achieve horizontal scalability with the increase of network scale is sharding technology.As an on-chain scaling method,sharding technology is a method to divide the entire blockchain network into multiple segments to facilitate the simultaneous processing of multiple transactions or contracts.Each shard can operate independently,with its own transaction history and state,improving the performance and sca-lability of the blockchain without sacrificing centralization.Previous studies on blockchain sharding technology have focused on introducing transaction consensus in sharding,while ignoring the sharding strategy mechanism and sharding architecture.Therefore,this paper first systematically analyzes the existing sharding blockchains,divides the design process of sharding blockchains into several parts:architecture setting,node selection,node allocation,transaction distribution,transaction processing,and sharding reconstruction,and analyzes the functions and properties of each part of the design process of sharding blockchains.Secondly,the sharding architecture is classified and summarized.This paper focuses on various sharding strategies and mechanisms,analyzes their advantages and disadvantages,compares mainstream sharding blockchain systems,and analyzes their scalability and reliability,including system throughput,delay,communication overhead,node randomness,sharding security,and cross-shard smart contracts.Finally,future research directions are proposed.

Key words: Blockchain, Distributed ledger technology, Scalability, Sharding technology, Parallel processing

中图分类号:

TP301

谭朋柳, 徐滕, 涂若欣. 区块链分片技术研究综述[J]. 计算机科学, 2024, 51(11): 307-320. https://doi.org/10.11896/jsjkx.231200078

TAN Pengliu, XU Teng, TU Ruoxin. Review of Research on Blockchain Sharding Techniques[J]. Computer Science, 2024, 51(11): 307-320. https://doi.org/10.11896/jsjkx.231200078

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