Abstract: Social force model is a classic model in crowd movement simulation.The model expresses the subjective wishes of pedestrians and the interaction between pedestrians in the form of “force”.The model is concise and easy to explain.However,there are many factors that affect pedestrian movement,and the calculation of self-driving force and social psychological force in the primitive social force model is insufficient.In order to enable the model to simulate the real movement process,many researchers have improved the social force model.This paper mainly studies the subject in the process of crowd evacuation,pedestrians.Pedestrians are modeled from two aspects:pedestrian characteristics and pedestrian roles.The characteristics of pedestrians include the social relationship between pedestrians,the personality of pedestrians and individual emotions.The degree of interference between pedestrians with different levels of intimacy is different,and pedestrian emotions will also affect the judgment of pedes-trians.The role of pedestrians considers leaders and ordinary pedestrians,and analyzes the impact of different pedestrian roles on the evacuation process.Leaders can help ordinary pedestrians to evacuate.Crowd self-organization simulation experiments verifies that the improved model can simulate the real crowd evacuation situation and retain the advantages of the original model.At the same time,the evacuation efficiency and exit utilization rate of the crowd under four simulation models are counted,and the average value and distribution of the experimental data are analyzed.Experimental results show that the main reasons for the long evacuation time are the time-consuming search for exits and the unbalanced utilization rate of exits.Generally,pedestrian characteristics and leaders have a positive impact on pedestrian evacuation efficiency.Pedestrian characteristics can accelerate pedestrian aggregation and optimize pedestrian expectation speed.On the basis of helping pedestrians to find exits,leaders can balance pedestrian’s use of exits,and ensure that thenumber of evacuees at each exit is basically the same.

Key words: Crowd evacuation, Evacuation efficiency, Leaders, Pedestrian characteristics, Social force model