Abstract: Persistent Fault Attack(PFA) is a powerful attack which relies on persistent fault and statistical analysis,it can be applied in extracting secret key of block cipher implementation based on lookup tables.The greatest advantage of PFA is that it can recover the secret key with only one fault injection,meanwhile,it can be applied in countermeasures on fault attack like detection,mask and so on.However,these countermeasures still can make the attack more difficult,key recovery on implementation with countermeasures based on detection and infection need several times cipher text,this will hinder actual attack.Built-in health test for S-box will be a good countermeasure for PFA,the cipher device will stop working once there is a fault injection.PFA relies on the bijective characteristic of the S-box in block cipher,therefore,testing the bijection characteristic of S-box is an effective method to get a health test result for S-box.Just 255 XOR operations will give a reliable health test result for S-box,it costs much less than a normal test method like SHA3.Furthermore,non-algorithmic countermeasures like laser sensor should attractive some attention.

Key words: Bijection, Block cipher, Countermeasures, Health test, Persistent fault attack