区块链系统的存储可扩展性综述

doi:10.11896/jsjkx.211200042

Abstract

Abstract: Blockchain is a distributed database based on the Bitcoin platform.It has attracted widespread attention from academia and industry because of its characteristics of decentralization,traceability,and non-tamperability.However,with the rapid growth of the number of nodes and the amount of data,problems such as low throughput and difficult storage scalability appear.The problem of storage scalability of blockchain has become a bottleneck for blockchain applications.Therefore,this paper focuses on the summary and prospect of storage scalability of blockchain.Firstly,this paper introduces the basic knowledge and data structure of blockchain and analyzes the problems of storage scalability of blockchain at present.Secondly,this paper explains the principles,implementation methods,research progress,advantages,and disadvantages of the 0th layer expansion scheme,the on-chain expansion scheme,and the off-chain expansion scheme.Finally,this paper analyzes the challenges in the current blockchain sto-ragescalability scheme and provides a direction for the next blockchain research work.

Key words: Blockchain, Bitcoin, Data storage, Scalability, Storage optimization

CLC Number:

TP311

LI Bei, WU Hao, HE Xiaowei, WANG Bin, XU Ergang. Survey of Storage Scalability in Blockchain Systems[J].Computer Science, 2023, 50(1): 318-333.

References

[1]NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:A Peer-to-Peer Electronic CashSystem[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
[2]TRELEAVEN P,BROWN R G,YANG D.Blockchain Techno-logy in Finance[J].Computer,2017,50(9):14-17.
[3]THEODOULI A,ARAKLIOTIS S,MOSCHOU K,et al.On the Design of a Blockchain-Based System to Facilitate Healthcare Data Sharing[C]//Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust,Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications.New York:IEEE,2018:1374-1379.
[4]CHEN Y,DING S,XU Z,et al.Blockchain-Based Medical Records Secure Storage and Medical Service Framework[J].Journal of Medical Systems,2019,43(1):1-9.
[5]ZHENG X,MUKKAMALA R R,VATRAPU R,et al.Block-chain Based Personal Health Data Sharing System Using Cloud Storage[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on e-Health Networking,Applications and Services.Ostrava:IEEE,2018:1-6.
[6]CHEN J,WANG W,ZHOU Y,et al.Exploiting 5G and Blockchain for Medical Applications of Drones[J].IEEE Network,2021,35(1):30-36.
[7]ALZAHRANI A G M,ALENEZI A,MERSHED A,et al.A Framework for Data Sharing Between Healthcare Providers Using Blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Internet of Things,Big Data and Security.Prague:Scitepress,2020:349-358.
[8]THWIN T T,VASUPONGAYYA S.Blockchain Based Secret-Data Sharing Model for Personal Health Record System[C]//Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advanced Informatics:Concept Theory and Applications.Krabi:IEEE,2018:196-201.
[9]DWIVEDI A D,SRIVASTAVA G,DHAR S,et al.A Decentra-lized Privacy Preserving Healthcare Blockchain for IoT[J].Sensors,2019,19(2):326-343.
[10]RATHEE G,SHARMA A,KUMAR R,et al.A Secure Communicating Things Network Framework for Industrial IoT Using Blockchain Technology[J].Ad Hoc Networks,2019,19(2):326-348.
[11]LU Y,HUANG X,DAI Y,et al.Blockchain and FederatedLearning for Privacy Preserved Data Sharing in Industrial IoT[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2019,16(6):4177-4186.
[12]MANZOOR A,BRAEKEN A,KANHER E S S,et al.Proxy Re-Encryption Enabled Secure and Anonymous IoT Data Sharing Platform Based on Blockchain[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102917.
[13]TURKANOVIC M,HOLBL M,KOSIC K,et al.EduCTX:ABlockchain Based Higher Education Credit Platform[J].IEEE Access,2018,6:5112-5127.
[14]BHASKAR P,TIWARI C K,JOSHI A.Blockchain in Education Management:Present and Future Applications[J].Interactive Technology and Smart Education,2021,18(1):1-17.
[15]HAN M,LI Z,HE J,et al.A Novel Blockchain-BasedEducation Records Verification Solution[C]//Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education.Fort Lauderdale:Association for Computing Machinery,2018:178-183.
[16]FEDOROVA E P.Application of Blockchain Technology inHigher Education[J].European Journal of Contemporary Education,2020,9(3):552-571.
[17]LO S K,XU X,CHIAM Y K,et al.Evaluating Suitability of Applying Blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the 2th International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems.Japan:IEEE,2017:158-161.
[18]XIE J,YU F R,HUANG T,et al.A Survey on the Scalability of Blockchain Systems[J].IEEE Network,2019,33:166-173.
[19]BENISI N Z,AMINIAN M,JAVADI B.Blockchain-BasedDecentralized Storage Networks:A Survey[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102656.
[20]SUN X Z,ZHANG X,XIANG F,et al.Survey of storage sca-lability on blockchain[J].Journal of Software,2021,32(1):1-20.
[21]WANG H,WANG L C,BAI X,et al.Research on key technology of blockchain privacy protection and scalability[J].Journal of Xidian University,2020,47(5):28-39.
[22]Unconfirmed Transactions in Bitcoin[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://www.blockchain.com/btc/unco-nfirmed.transactions.
[23]Blockchain.Blockchainsize[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://www.blockchain.com/charts/blocks-size.
[24]Etherscan.Ethereum Fullnode Sync Chart[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].http://etherscan.io/chartsync/chaindefault.
[25]SHAO Q F,JIN C Q,ZHANG Z,et al.Blockchain:architecture and research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2018,41(5):969-988.
[26]KARAGIANNIS T,BROIDO A,FALOUTSOS M,et al.Transport Layer Identification of P2P Traffic[C]//Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM Conferenceon Internet Measurement.Kiev:IEEE Computer Soc.,2004:121-134.
[27]XIA Q,DOU W S,GUO K W,et al.Survey on blockchain consensus protocol[J].Journal of Software,2021,32(2):277-299.
[28]ZHENG Z,XIE S,DAI H,et al.An Overview of BlockchainTechnology:Architecture,Consensus,and Future Trends[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International Congress on Big Data.Honolulu:IEEE,2017:557-564.
[29]DATTANI J,SHETH H.Overview of Blockchain Technology[J].Asian Journal of Convergence in Technology,2019,5(1):1-3.
[30]DASGUPTA D,SHREIN J M,GUPTA K D.A Survey ofBlockchain from Security Perspective[J].Journal of Banking and Financial Technology,2019,3(1):1-17.
[31]TAYLOR P J,DARGAHI T,DEHGHANTANHA A,et al.A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Cyber Security[J].Digital Communications and Networks,2020,6(2):147-156.
[32]MITANI T,OTSUKA A.Traceability in Permissioned Block-chain[J].IEEE Access,2020,8:21573-21588.
[33]KAMBLE S S,GUNASEKARAN A,SHARAM R.Modelingthe Blockchain Enabled Traceability in AgricultureSupply Chain[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.023.
[34]AOKI Y,OTSUKI K,KANEKO T,et al.Simblock:A Blockchain Network Simulator[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE Confe-rence on Computer Communications Workshops.Seoul:IEEE,2019:325-329.
[35]HOMOLIAK I,VENUGOPALAN S,REIJSBERGEN D,et al.The Security Reference Architecture for Blockchains:Toward a Standardized Model for Studying Vulnerabilities,Threats,and Defenses[J].IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials,2021,23:341-390.
[36]KLARMAN U,BASU S,KUZMANOVIC A,et al.Bloxroute:AScalable Trustless Blockchain Distribution Network Whitepaper[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://bloxroute.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bloXrouteWhitepaper.pdf.
[37]OTSUKI K,BANNO R,SHUDO K.Quantitatively AnalyzingRelay Networks in Bitcoin[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Blockchain.Electr Network:IEEE,2020:214-220.
[38]OTSUKI K,AOKI Y,BANNO R,et al.Effects of A Simple Relay Network on the Bitcoin Network[C]//Proceedings of the Asian Internet Engineering Conference.Phuket:Association for Computing Machinery,2019:41-46.
[39]JOAN A D,CRISTINA P S,JORDI H.The bitcoin P2P net-work[C]//International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.Christ Church:Springer,2014:87-102.
[40]DEMERS A,GREENE D,HOUSER C,et al.Epidemic Algorithms for Replicated Database Maintenance[J].ACM Sigops Operating Systems Review,1988,22:8-32.
[41]CANETTI R,CHENG P C,PENDARAKIS D,et al.An Archi-tecture for Secure Internet Multicast[J].1998,22(3):195-199.
[42]BHADRA S,SHAKKOTTAI S,GUPTA P.MinCost Selfish-Multicast With Network Coding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2006,52(11):5077-5087.
[43]FULLER R B.Nexus:A Peer-to-Peer Network[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].http://media.abnnewswire.net/media/ct/whitepaper/rpt/93416-Nexus_WhitePaper.pdf.
[44]COELHO P,JUNIOR T C,BESSANI A,et al.Byzantine Fault Tolerant Atomic Multicast[C]//Proceedings of the IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks.Lu-xembourg City:IEEE,2018:39-50.
[45]KIM S K,MA Z.Measuring Ethereum Network Peers[C]//Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference.Boston:Association for Computing Machinery,2018:91-104.
[46]GAO Y,SHI J,WANG X,et al.Topology Measurement andAnalysis on Ethereum P2P Network[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications.Barcelona:IEEE,2019:1-7.
[47]LI X B,CHEN Y,ZHOU M Y,et al.Internet data transfer protocol quic:a survey[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2020,57(9):1864-1876.
[48]LANGLEY A,RIDDOCH A,WILK A,et al.The Quic Transport Protocol:Design and Internet Scale Deployment[C]//Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication.Ca:Association for Computing Machi-nery,2017:183-196.
[49]TEAM H.Harmony:Technical Whitepaper[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://harmony.one/whitepaper.pdf.
[50]ZHANG Z W,WANG G R,XU J L,et al.Survey on data ma-nagement in blockchain systems[J].Journal of Software,2020,31(9):2903-2925.
[51]LUU L,NARAYANAN V,ZHENG C,et al.A Secure Sharding Protocol for Open Blockchains[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.Vienna:Association for Computing Machinery,2016:17-30.
[52]KOKORIS K E,JOVANOVIC P,GASSER L,et al.Omnile-dger:A Secure,Scale-out,Decentralized Ledger via Sharding[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.Ca:IEEE,2018:583-598.
[53]ZAMANI M,MOVAHEDI M,RAYKOVA M.Rapidchain:Scaling Blockchain via Full Sharding[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.Toronto:Association for Computing Machinery,2018:931-948.
[54]YU B,LI X,ZHAO H.Virtual Block Group:A Scalable Blockchain Model with Partial Node Storage and Distributed Hash Table[J].The Computer Journal,2020,63(10):1524-1536.
[55]CHEN H,WU H L,CHANG C C,et al.Light RepositoryBlockchain System with Multisecret Sharing for Industrial Big Data[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9060756.
[56]AL B M,SONNINO A,BANO S,et al.Chainspace:A Sharded Smart Contracts Platform[J].arXiv:1708.03778,2017.
[57]AHLSWEDE R,CAI N,LI S Y R,et al.Network Information Flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2000,46(4):1204-1216.
[58]DAI M,ZHANG S,WANG H,et al.A Low Storage Room Requirement Framework for Distributed Ledger in Blockchain[J].IEEE Access,2018,6:22970-22975.
[59]QI X,ZHANG Z,JIN C,et al.A Reliable Storage Partition for Permissioned Blockchain[J].IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2020,33(1):14-27.
[60]PERARD D,LACAN J,BACHY Y,et al.Erasure Code Based Low Storage Blockchain Node[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things.Halifax:IEEE,2018:1622-1627.
[61]BUNZ B,KIFFER L,LUU L,et al.Flyclient:Super LightClients for Cryptocurrencies[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.Electric Network:IEEE,2020:928-946.
[62]ZHAO Y,NIU B,LI P,et al.A Novel Enhanced Lightweight Node for Blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems.Guangzhou:Springer,2019:137-149.
[63]XU L,CHEN L,GAO Z,et al.EPBC:Efficient Public Block-chain Client for Lightweight Users[C]//Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Scalable andResilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers.Las Vegas:Association for Computing Machinery,2017:1-6.
[64]FREY D,MAKKES M X,ROMAN P L,et al.Bringing Secure Bitcoin Transactions to Your Smartphone[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Adaptive and Reflective Middleware.Trento:Association for Computing Machinery,2016:1-6.
[65]CROMAN K,DECKER C,EYAL I,et al.On Scaling Decentra-lized Blockchains[C]//Proceedings of the International Confe-rence on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.US:Sprin-ger,2016:106-125.
[66]EYAL I,GENCER A E,SIRERE E G,et al.Bitcoinng:A Scalable Blockchain Protocol[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Sympo-sium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.Ca:Usenix Association,2016:45-59.
[67]KUHRING L,ISTVAN Z,SORNIOTTI A,et al.Stream Chain:Rethinking Blockchain for Datacenters[J].arXiv:1808.08406v2,2018.
[68]LEMAHIEU C.Nano:A Feeless Distributed CryptocurrencyNetwork[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://c-ontent.nano.org/whitepaper/Nano_Whitepaper_en.pdf.
[69]CHURYUMOV A.Byteball:A Decentralized System for Sto-rage and Transfer of Value[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://obyte.org/Byteball.pdf.
[70]ZHAO L,YU J.Evaluating DAG-Based Blockchains for IoT[C]//Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Trust,Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications.Rotorua:IEEE,2019:507-513.
[71]YANG W,DAI X,XIAO J,et al.LDV:A Lightweight Dag-Based Blockchain for Vehicular Social Networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2020,69(6):5749-5759.
[72]CUI L,YANG S,CHEN Z,et al.An Efficient and CompactedDAG-Based Blockchain Protocol for Industrial Internet of Things[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2019,16(6):4134-4145.
[73]LIU Y Z,LIU J Q,ZHANG C Y,et al.Overview on blockchain consensus mechanisms[J].Journal of Cryptologic Research,2019,6(4):395-432.
[74]WANG H,WANG L C,BAI X,et al.Research on key technology of blockchain privacy protection and scalability[J].Journal of Xidian University,2020,47(5):28-39.
[75]WANG R,ZHANG L,XU Q,et al.K-Bucket Based Raft Like Consensus Algorithm for Permissioned Blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems.Tianjin:IEEE,2019:996-999.
[76]ZHANG Z,ZHU D,FAN W.QPBFT:Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithm Based on Quantified Role[C]//Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Trust,Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications.Guangzhou:IEEE,2020:991-997.
[77]PASS R,SHI E.Hybrid Consensus:Efficient Consensus in the Permissionless Model[J].Cryptology Eprint Archive,2017,91(39):1-16.
[78]LIU X,HUANG H,XIAO F,et al.A Blockchain Based Trust Management with Conditional Privacy Preserving Announcement Scheme for Vanets[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2019,7(5):4101-4112.
[79]HUANG D Y,LI L,CHEN B,et al.RBFT:a new byzantinefault tolerant consensus mechanism based on raft cluster[J].Journal on Communications,2021,42(3):209-219.
[80]HUANG J H,XIA X,LI Z C,et al.Proof of trust:mechanism of trust degree based on dynamic authorization[J].Journal of Software,2019,9:2593-2607.
[81]XU Z Y,ZHOU X,et al.Survey on crosschain technology[J].Application Research of Computers,2021,38(2):341-346.
[82]HERLIHY M.Atomic Cross-chain Swaps[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing.USA:Association for Computing Machinery,2018:245-254.
[83]WOOD G.Polkadot:Vision for A Heterogeneous MultichainFramework[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://polkadot.network/PolkaDotPaper.pdf.
[84]EYKHOLT E,MEREDITH L G,DENMAN J.Rchain Architecture Documentation[J].Retrieve Jan,2017,19:2019.
[85]POON J,DRYJA T.The Bitcoin Lightning Network:Scalable Off-chain Instant Payments[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf.
[86]BACK A,CORALLO M,DASHJR L,et al.Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains[J/OL].Sidechains,2014:72.https://www.doc88.com/p-0039741883052.html.
[87]HARISHANKAR M,AKESTORIDIS D G,IYER S V,et al.PayPlace:Secure and Flexible Operator-Mediated Payments in Blockchain Marketplaces at Scale[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06197.pdf.
[88]POON J,BUTERIN V.Plasma:Scalable Autonomous SmartContracts[Z].White Paper,2017:1-47.
[89]MAYMOUNKOV P,MAZIERES D,et al.Kademlia:A Peer-to-Peer Information System Based on the Xor Metric[C]//Proceedings of the International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems.MA:Springer,2002:53-65.
[90]ZYSKIND G,NATHAN O.Decentralizing Privacy:Using Block-chain to Protect Personal Data[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops.Ca:IEEE,2015:180-184.
[91]HASSANZADEH N Y,KUPCU A,OZKASAP O.LightChain:Scalable DHT-Based Blockchain[J].IEEE Transactions on Pa-rallel and Distributed Systems,2021,32(10):2582-2593.
[92]LI R,SONG T,MEI B,et al.Blockchain for Largescale Internet of Things Data Storage and Protection[J].IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,2018,12(5):762-771.
[93]HUANG C W,CHEN Y C.ZeroCalo:A Lightweight Blockchain Based on DHT Network[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications.Xian:Association for Computing Machinery,2019:38-42.
[94]HASAN S S,SULTAN N H,BARBHUIYA F A.Cloud Data Provenance Using IPFS and Blockchain Technology[C]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Security in Cloud Computing.NewYork:IEEE,2019:5-12.
[95]SHE W,HUO L,TIAN Z,et al.A Double Steganography Model Combining Blockchain and Interplanetary File System[J/OL].Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications.https://link.sprin-ger.com/article/10.1007/s12083-021-01143-0.
[96]YU Y,LIU S,YEOH P L,et al.LayerChain:A HierarchicalEdge Cloud Blockchain for Large-Scale Low-Delay Industrial Internet of Things Applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2020,17(7):5077-5086.
[97]YE H,PARK S.Reliable Vehicle Data Storage Using Block-chain and IPFS[J].Electronics,2021,10(10):1130.
[98]KUMAR R,TRIPATHI R.Towards Design and Implementation of Security and Privacy Framework for Internet of Medical Things by Leveraging Blockchain and IPFS Technology[J].Journal of Supercomputing,2021,77(8):7916-7955.
[99]XIE H,ZHANG Z,ZHANG Q,et al.HBRSS:Providing Highsecure Data Communication and Manipulationin Insecure Cloud Environments[J].Computer Communications,2021,174:1-12.
[100]ZHANG G,YANG Z,XIE H,et al.A Secure Authorized Deduplication Scheme for Cloud Data Based on Blockchain[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102510.
[101]TAO Q,CHEN Q,DING H,et al.Cross Department SecuresData Sharing in Food Industry via Blockchain Cloud Fusion Scheme[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668339.
[102]CHA J,SINGH S K,KIM T W,et al.Blockchain Empowered Cloud Architecture Based on Secret Sharing for Smart City[EB/OL].[2022-01-13].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102686.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Survey of Storage Scalability in Blockchain Systems

PDF (PC)

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	CHEN Yan, LIN Bing, CHEN Xiaona, CHEN Xing. Blockchain-based Trusted Service-oriented Architecture [J]. Computer Science, 2023, 50(1): 342-350.
[2]	WANG Zi-kai, ZHU Jian, ZHANG Bo-jun, HU Kai. Research and Implementation of Parallel Method in Blockchain and Smart Contract [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(9): 312-317.
[3]	FU Li-yu, LU Ge-hao, WU Yi-ming, LUO Ya-ling. Overview of Research and Development of Blockchain Technology [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 447-461.
[4]	GAO Jian-bo, ZHANG Jia-shuo, LI Qing-shan, CHEN Zhong. RegLang:A Smart Contract Programming Language for Regulation [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 462-468.
[5]	HE Xi, HE Ke-tai, WANG Jin-shan, LIN Shen-wen, YANG Jing-lin, FENG Yu-chao. Analysis of Bitcoin Entity Transaction Patterns [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 502-507.
[6]	MAO Dian-hui, HUANG Hui-yu, ZHAO Shuang. Study on Automatic Synthetic News Detection Method Complying with Regulatory Compliance [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 523-530.
[7]	LI Bo, XIANG Hai-yun, ZHANG Yu-xiang, LIAO Hao-de. Application Research of PBFT Optimization Algorithm for Food Traceability Scenarios [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 723-728.
[8]	ZHOU Hang, JIANG He, ZHAO Yan, XIE Xiang-peng. Study on Optimal Scheduling of Power Blockchain System for Consensus Transaction ofEach Unit [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6A): 771-776.
[9]	WANG Si-ming, TAN Bei-hai, YU Rong. Blockchain Sharding and Incentive Mechanism for 6G Dependable Intelligence [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(6): 32-38.
[10]	SUN Hao, MAO Han-yu, ZHANG Yan-feng, YU Ge, XU Shi-cheng, HE Guang-yu. Development and Application of Blockchain Cross-chain Technology [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(5): 287-295.
[11]	YANG Zhen, HUANG Song, ZHENG Chang-you. Study on Crowdsourced Testing Intellectual Property Protection Technology Based on Blockchain and Improved CP-ABE [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(5): 325-332.
[12]	REN Chang, ZHAO Hong, JIANG Hua. Quantum Secured-Byzantine Fault Tolerance Blockchain Consensus Mechanism [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(5): 333-340.
[13]	FENG Liao-liao, DING Yan, LIU Kun-lin, MA Ke-lin, CHANG Jun-sheng. Research Advance on BFT Consensus Algorithms [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(4): 329-339.
[14]	WANG Xin, ZHOU Ze-bao, YU Yun, CHEN Yu-xu, REN Hao-wen, JIANG Yi-bo, SUN Ling-yun. Reliable Incentive Mechanism for Federated Learning of Electric Metering Data [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(3): 31-38.
[15]	ZHANG Ying-li, MA Jia-li, LIU Zi-ang, LIU Xin, ZHOU Rui. Overview of Vulnerability Detection Methods for Ethereum Solidity Smart Contracts [J]. Computer Science, 2022, 49(3): 52-61.