量子计算与不确定性原理

doi:10.11896/jsjkx.190400432

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 对量子计算的计算潜力的高度期望源于量子力学的各种特性,如叠加原理、纠缠现象、破坏性和建设性的量子干扰。相对于经典计算,量子计算具有某些假定的优势,例如量子算法的运行速度比经典算法快;但另一方面却似乎存在影响经典算法但不影响量子算法的障碍,障碍之一是传统上归因于Werner Heisenberg的两个不确定性原理。Heisenberg最初制定的不确定性原理涉及用于测量量子系统的非量子仪器必然会对该系统造成影响。这个原理与其后来的发展有所不同,因为后来发现的不确定性所假定的是不交换可观察量在测量方面存在固有的不能精确测量的特性。在目前的技术发展状况以及当前对量子力学的形式表述与诠释的情况下,这两种不确定性皆有可能对量子计算的速度造成不良影响。近年来,针对这两种不确定性原理有了新的研究成果:1)Ozawa对Heisenberg原理提出了修改,将两种不确定性纳入其内进行并列考虑,从而可以减小Heisenberg原理的不确定性程度;2)在考虑到熵不确定性的情况下,Heisenberg不确定性可被视为Hirschmann不确定性的下界,因此除了在测量上的不确定性之外,量子计算还必须考虑来自其他如信息学的不确定性因素。

关键词: 不确定性关系, 不确定性原理, 量子计算, 熵不确定性

Abstract: The high expectations regarding the computational potential of quantum computation stem from quantum mechanical features,such as the principle of superposition,the phenomenon of entanglement,the destructive and constructive interference.Besides the presumed advantages of quantum computation over classical computation,there exist impediments that appear to be affecting the former but not the latter.One of them are the two uncertainty principles traditionally ascribed to Werner Heisenberg.The uncertainty principle formulated originally by Heisenberg pertains to the inability of measuring a quantum system with non-quantum instruments without affecting it.This principle is different from the later development postulating an inherent inability of non-commuting observables to be measured precisely.At present state of technological development and within the current formulation and interpretation of quantum mechanics,both versions of the uncertainty affect the speed attainable by a quantum computer.Recently,the two uncertainty principles have received more attention.In his improvement to Heisenberg’s principle,Ozawa took into account both types of uncertainty mentioned above.Furthermore,research into entropic uncertainty has shown that Heisenberg’s uncertainty can be seen as a lower bound of Hirschmann’s uncertainty,thereby indicating that quantum computation may need to consider other types of uncertainties,such as information uncertainty,as well.

Key words: Entropic uncertainty, Quantum computing, Uncertainty principle, Uncertainty relations

中图分类号:

TP3-0

Renata WONG. 量子计算与不确定性原理[J]. 计算机科学, 2020, 47(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.11896/jsjkx.190400432

Renata WONG. Uncertainty Principle as Related to Quantum Computation[J]. Computer Science, 2020, 47(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.11896/jsjkx.190400432

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